Unit Labour Costs - Annual Indicators

Data - OECD

Author

François Geerolf

Info

source dataset Title .html .rData
oecd ULC_ANN Unit Labour Costs - Annual Indicators 2026-01-11 2023-11-20

Data on industry

source dataset Title .html .rData
ec INDUSTRY Industry (sector data) 2025-08-28 2023-10-01
eurostat ei_isin_m Industry - monthly data - index (2015 = 100) (NACE Rev. 2) - ei_isin_m 2026-01-11 2026-01-07
eurostat htec_trd_group4 High-tech trade by high-tech group of products in million euro (from 2007, SITC Rev. 4) 2026-01-09 2026-01-07
eurostat nama_10_a64 National accounts aggregates by industry (up to NACE A*64) 2026-01-09 2026-01-09
eurostat nama_10_a64_e National accounts employment data by industry (up to NACE A*64) 2026-01-09 2026-01-09
eurostat namq_10_a10_e Employment A*10 industry breakdowns 2025-05-24 2026-01-07
eurostat road_eqr_carmot New registrations of passenger cars by type of motor energy and engine size - road_eqr_carmot 2026-01-10 2026-01-07
eurostat sts_inpp_m Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data 2026-01-10 2026-01-09
eurostat sts_inppd_m Producer prices in industry, domestic market - monthly data 2026-01-10 2026-01-07
eurostat sts_inpr_m Production in industry - monthly data 2026-01-10 2026-01-07
eurostat sts_intvnd_m Turnover in industry, non domestic market - monthly data - sts_intvnd_m 2026-01-10 2026-01-07
fred industry Manufacturing, Industry 2026-01-11 2026-01-07
oecd ALFS_EMP Employment by activities and status (ALFS) 2024-04-16 2025-05-24
oecd BERD_MA_SOF Business enterprise R&D expenditure by main activity (focussed) and source of funds 2024-04-16 2023-09-09
oecd GBARD_NABS2007 Government budget allocations for R and D 2024-04-16 2023-11-22
oecd MEI_REAL Production and Sales (MEI) 2024-05-12 2025-05-24
oecd MSTI_PUB Main Science and Technology Indicators 2024-09-15 2025-05-24
oecd SNA_TABLE4 PPPs and exchange rates 2024-09-15 2025-05-24
wdi NV.IND.EMPL.KD Industry, value added per worker (constant 2010 USD) 2024-01-06 2026-01-07
wdi NV.IND.MANF.CD Manufacturing, value added (current USD) 2026-01-11 2026-01-07
wdi NV.IND.MANF.ZS Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) 2025-05-24 2026-01-07
wdi NV.IND.TOTL.KD Industry (including construction), value added (constant 2015 USD) - NV.IND.TOTL.KD 2024-01-06 2026-01-07
wdi NV.IND.TOTL.ZS Industry, value added (including construction) (% of GDP) 2025-05-24 2026-01-07
wdi SL.IND.EMPL.ZS Employment in industry (% of total employment) 2026-01-11 2026-01-07
wdi TX.VAL.MRCH.CD.WT Merchandise exports (current USD) 2024-01-06 2026-01-07

LAST_COMPILE

LAST_COMPILE
2026-01-15

Last

obsTime Nobs
2012 1177

Nobs

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$SUBJECT, by = "SUBJECT") %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$SECTOR, by = "SECTOR") %>%
  group_by(SUBJECT, Subject, SECTOR, Sector, MEASURE) %>%
  summarise(Nobs = n()) %>%
  arrange(-Nobs) %>%
  print_table_conditional()

SUBJECT

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$SUBJECT, by = "SUBJECT") %>%
  group_by(SUBJECT, Subject) %>%
  summarise(Nobs = n()) %>%
  arrange(-Nobs) %>%
  print_table_conditional()
SUBJECT Subject Nobs
ULAILE99 Labour Productivity per Person Employed 20688
ULABUL99 Unit Labour Cost 20517
ULAICE99 Labour Compensation per Employee 18089
ULAIPE99 Labour Compensation per Employee (PPPs) 17833
ULAIEU99 Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC 14473
ULAIRU99 Labour Income Share (Real ULC) 14317
ULAILP99 Labour Productivity per Unit Labour Input 12692
ULAICU99 Labour Compensation per Unit Labour Input 10874
ULAILH99 Labour Productivity per Hour 10633
ULAICH99 Labour Compensation per Hour 10289
ULABRV99 Real Output (millions) 10243
ULAIPH99 Labour Compensation per Hour (PPPs) 10133
ULAIPU99 Labour Compensation per Unit Labour Input (PPPs) 9931
ULARSE99 Self-employment ratio 9537
ULABAC99 Total Labour Cost (millions) 9171
ULAWVC99 Nominal Output (millions) 9137
ULAREM99 Employment ('000) 7942
ULAREY99 Employees ('000) 7073
ULARHE99 Hours Worked: Employment ('000) 4125
ULARHY99 Hours Worked: Employees ('000) 4028

SECTOR

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$SECTOR, by = "SECTOR") %>%
  group_by(SECTOR, Sector) %>%
  summarise(Nobs = n()) %>%
  print_table_conditional()
SECTOR Sector Nobs
01 Total Economy 37138
02 Manufacturing (D) 27433
03 Industry (C_E) 28049
04 Construction (F) 27891
05 Trade, transport and communication (G_I) 27508
06 Financial and business services (J_K) 27626
07 Market services (G_K) 27971
08 Business sector excl. Agriculture (C_K) 28109

MEASURE

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$MEASURE, by = "MEASURE") %>%
  group_by(MEASURE, Measure) %>%
  summarise(Nobs = n()) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) print_table(.) else .}
MEASURE Measure Nobs
AL $US PPP-adjusted 11700
GY Annual growth rate 47708
IXOB Index OECD base year (2010=100) 59939
ST Level, ratio or national currency 112378

LOCATION

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  group_by(LOCATION, Location) %>%
  summarise(Nobs = n()) %>%
  arrange(-Nobs) %>%
  mutate(Flag = gsub(" ", "-", str_to_lower(Location)),
         Flag = paste0('<img src="../../icon/flag/vsmall/', Flag, '.png" alt="Flag">')) %>%
  select(Flag, everything()) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F, escape = F) else .}

Total Economy

Labour Income Share (Real ULC)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ITA")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_enddate %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Labour Income Share, Real ULC") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000", "#009246")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5))

Unit Labour Costs (1950-)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ITA", "GRC", "ESP")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_enddate %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Unit Labour Costs") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 200, 10))

Unit Labour Costs (1995-2012)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ITA", "GRC", "ESP")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) %>%
  group_by(Location) %>%
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue / obsValue[date == as.Date("2000-01-01")]) %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Unit Labour Costs") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.15, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 200, 10))

Unit Labour Costs (2000-)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ITA", "GRC", "ESP")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(date >= as.Date("2000-01-01")) %>%
  group_by(Location) %>%
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue / obsValue[date == as.Date("2000-01-01")]) %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Unit Labour Costs") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.15, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 200, 10))

Labour Income Share (Real ULC)

Total Economy

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_enddate %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Labour Income Share, Real ULC") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5))

Manufacturing

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "02",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_enddate %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Labour Income Share, Real ULC") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 2))

Industry

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "03",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_enddate %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Labour Income Share, Real ULC") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 2))

Construction

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "04",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_enddate %>%
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Labour Income Share, Real ULC") + xlab("") +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 2))

Competitiveness: Unit Labor cost

Total Economy

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() + ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Total Economy)") + xlab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5))

Manufacturing

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "02",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Manufacturing)") + xlab("")

Industry

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "03",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Industry)") + xlab("")

Construction

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "04",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Construction)") + xlab("")

Trade, transport and communication (G_I)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "05",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Trade, transport and communication") + xlab("")

Financial and business services

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "06",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Financial and business services)") + xlab("")

Market services

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "07",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Market services)") + xlab("")

Business sector excl. Agriculture

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULABUL99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "08",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Unit Labour Cost (Business sector excl. Agriculture)") + xlab("")

Competitiveness: Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC

Total Economy

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Total Economy)") + xlab("")

Manufacturing

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "02",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Manufacturing)") + xlab("")

Industry

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "03",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Industry)") + xlab("")

Construction

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "04",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Construction)") + xlab("")

Trade, transport and communication (G_I)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "05",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Trade, transport and communication)") + xlab("")

Financial and business services

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "06",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Financial and business services)") + xlab("")

Market services

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "07",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Market services)") + xlab("")

Business sector excl. Agriculture

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIEU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "08",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Exchange Rate Adjusted ULC (Business sector excl. Agriculture)") + xlab("")

Competitiveness: Labour Income Share (Real ULC)

Total Economy

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "01",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Total Economy)") + xlab("")

Manufacturing

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "02",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Manufacturing)") + xlab("")

Industry

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "03",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 1)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Industry)") + xlab("")

Construction

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "04",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Construction)") + xlab("")

Trade, transport and communication (G_I)

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "05",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Trade, transport and communication)") + xlab("")

Financial and business services

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "06",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Financial and business services)") + xlab("")

Market services

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "07",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Market services)") + xlab("")

Business sector excl. Agriculture

Code 
ULC_ANN %>%
  filter(SUBJECT == "ULAIRU99",
         MEASURE == "ST",
         SECTOR == "08",
         LOCATION %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) %>%
  left_join(ULC_ANN_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") %>%
  year_to_date %>%
  filter(year(date) >= 1990) %>%
  arrange(Location) %>%
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = Location)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#ED2939", "#000000")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 100, 5)) +
  ylab("Labour Income Share (Real ULC) (Business sector excl. Agriculture)") + xlab("")