Real Effective Exchange Rates, Daily - EER_D

Data - BIS

Last observation: 1 sept. 2026 (N = 90)

First observation: 3 oct. 1983 (N = 26)

Last data update: 03 sept. 2026, 23:00

Last compile: 03 sept. 2026, 23:08

Structure

FREQ

EER_TYPE

EER_BASKET

TIME_FORMAT

COLLECTION

TITLE_TS

iso3c, iso2c, Reference area

EER_D |>
  arrange(iso3c, date) |>
  group_by(iso3c, iso2c, `Reference area`) |>
  summarise(Nobs = n(),
            start = first(date),
            end = last(date)) |>
  arrange(-Nobs) |>
  mutate(Flag = gsub(" ", "-", str_to_lower(`Reference area`)),
         Flag = paste0('<img src="../../icon/flag/vsmall/', Flag, '.png" alt="Flag">')) |>
  select(Flag, everything()) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F, escape = F) else .}

Real Exchange rates (Germany, France, United States)

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("DEU", "FRA", "ITA", "ESP"),
         EER_BASKET == "N",
         EER_TYPE == "N") |>
  add_flag_color("Reference area") |>
  ggplot() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Exchange Rate ($1 = ? National Currency)") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 200, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.direction = "horizontal")

Exchange Rates

United States

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("USA")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Exchange Rate ($? = National Currency)") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Japan

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("JPN")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.25),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Europe

EER_D |>
  filter(iso2c %in% c("XM")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.15),
        legend.title = element_blank())

China

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("CHN")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Denmark

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("DNK")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Switzerland

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("CHE")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Germany

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("DEU")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

France

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("FRA")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Italy

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("ITA")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank())

United Kingdom

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("GBR")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Canada

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("CAN")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Sweden

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("SWE")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1940, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

1997 Asian Financial Crisis

Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("IDN", "SGP", "PHL"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  group_by(iso3c) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value / value[date == as.Date("1997-01-03")]) |>
  add_flag_color("Reference area") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line() + theme_minimal() +
  aes(x = date, y = value, color = color) +
  xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(50, 1000, 50),
                labels = dollar_format(a = 1, p = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.80),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("THA", "MYS", "KOR"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  group_by(iso3c) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value / value[date == as.Date("1997-01-03")]) |>
  add_flag_color("Reference area") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line() + theme_minimal() +
  aes(x = date, y = value, color = color) +
  xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(10, 300, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(a = 1, p = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.80),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Thailand Baht

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("THA"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
 xlab("") + ylab("") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Malaysia Ringgit

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("MYS"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
 xlab("") + ylab("") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

South Korea Won

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("KOR"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
 xlab("") + ylab("") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Philippine peso

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("PHL"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
 xlab("") + ylab("") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Singapore Dollar

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("SGP"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
 xlab("") + ylab("") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 2),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Indonesia peso

EER_D |>
  filter(iso3c %in% c("IDN"),
         date >= as.Date("1992-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2002-12-31")) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(Type, ", ", Basket)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = variable)) + 
 xlab("") + ylab("") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1800, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                labels = dollar_format(accuracy = 1, prefix = "")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank())

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