Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
left_join(FREQ, by = "FREQ") |>
group_by(FREQ, Freq) |>
summarise(Nobs = n()) |>
arrange(-Nobs) |>
print_table_conditional()| FREQ | Freq | Nobs |
|---|---|---|
| A | Annual | 7747 |
Net lending/borrowing (also referred as overall balance) (% of GDP) - GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT
Data - IMF
Last observation: 2031 (N = 189)
First observation: 1980 (N = 25)
Last data update: 03 sept. 2026, 23:30
Last compile: 03 sept. 2026, 23:58
FREQ
REF_AREA
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
group_by(REF_AREA, Ref_area) |>
summarise(Nobs = n()) |>
arrange(-Nobs) |>
mutate(Flag = gsub(" ", "-", str_to_lower(gsub(" ", "-", Ref_area))),
Flag = paste0('<img src="../../icon/flag/vsmall/', Flag, '.png" alt="Flag">')) |>
select(Flag, everything()) %>%
{if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F, escape = F) else .}TIME_PERIOD
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
group_by(TIME_PERIOD) |>
summarise(Nobs = n()) |>
arrange(desc(TIME_PERIOD)) |>
print_table_conditional()Table
2018
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(INDICATOR == "GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT",
TIME_PERIOD == "2018") |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
select(REF_AREA, Ref_area, OBS_VALUE) %>%
mutate_at(vars(3), funs(paste0(round(as.numeric(.), 1), " %"))) |>
mutate(Flag = gsub(" ", "-", str_to_lower(gsub(" ", "-", Ref_area))),
Flag = paste0('<img src="../../icon/flag/vsmall/', Flag, '.png" alt="Flag">')) |>
select(Flag, everything()) %>%
{if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F, escape = F) else .}1995-2019 Average
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
year_to_date2() |>
filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01"),
date <= as.Date("2019-01-01")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
group_by(REF_AREA, Ref_area) |>
summarise(`Average Primary Surplus (1995-2019)` = mean(OBS_VALUE)) |>
arrange(-`Average Primary Surplus (1995-2019)`) %>%
mutate_at(vars(3), funs(paste0(round(as.numeric(.), 3), " %"))) |>
mutate(Flag = gsub(" ", "-", str_to_lower(gsub(" ", "-", Ref_area))),
Flag = paste0('<img src="../../icon/flag/vsmall/', Flag, '.png" alt="Flag">')) |>
select(Flag, everything()) %>%
{if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F, escape = F) else .}3 countries
Italy, France, Germany
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2013, Facet
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "IT", "DE")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Primary Deficit", "Total Deficit"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP", "Public Deficit\n% of GDP"),
primary = factor(primary, levels = c("Total Deficit", "Primary Deficit")),
cyclically = factor(cyclically, levels = c("Public Deficit\n% of GDP", "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP"))) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2013-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + add_flags + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Public deficit (%)") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1921, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
Australia, United Kingdom, United States
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("GB", "US", "AU")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
Euro area vs US
2002-
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Euro area", "US"),
primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Primary Deficit", "Total Deficit"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Cyclically Adjusted (% of potential GDP)", "Actual Deficit (% of GDP)")) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2002-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + add_flags + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Public deficit, % of GDP") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.3, 0.78),
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
2005-
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Euro area", "US"),
primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Primary Deficit", "Total Deficit"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP", "Public Deficit\n% of GDP"),
primary = factor(primary, levels = c("Total Deficit", "Primary Deficit")),
cyclically = factor(cyclically, levels = c("Public Deficit\n% of GDP", "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP"))) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2005-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + add_flags + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Public deficit (%)") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1921, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
2010-
English
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Euro area", "US"),
primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Primary Deficit", "Total Deficit"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP", "Public Deficit\n% of GDP"),
primary = factor(primary, levels = c("Total Deficit", "Primary Deficit")),
cyclically = factor(cyclically, levels = c("Public Deficit\n% of GDP", "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP"))) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + add_flags + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Public deficit (%)") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1921, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
French
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Zone euro", "États-Unis"),
Ref_area = factor(Ref_area, levels = c("Zone euro", "États-Unis")),
Counterpart_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", "United States"),
primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Déficit primaire", "Déficit total"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Déficit public ajusté du cycle\n% du PIB potentiel", "Déficit public\n% du PIB"),
primary = factor(primary, levels = c("Déficit total", "Déficit primaire")),
cyclically = factor(cyclically, levels = c("Déficit public\n% du PIB", "Déficit public ajusté du cycle\n% du PIB potentiel"))) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit public (%)") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_linetype_manual(values = c("solid", "dashed")) +
add_flags +
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
2013-
English
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Euro area", "US"),
primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Primary Deficit", "Total Deficit"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP", "Public Deficit\n% of GDP"),
primary = factor(primary, levels = c("Total Deficit", "Primary Deficit")),
cyclically = factor(cyclically, levels = c("Public Deficit\n% of GDP", "Cyclically Adjusted Public deficit\n% of potential GDP"))) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2013-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + add_flags + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Public deficit (%)") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1921, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
French
Code
GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT |>
bind_rows(GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT) |>
bind_rows(GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT) |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Zone euro", "États-Unis"),
Ref_area = factor(Ref_area, levels = c("Zone euro", "États-Unis")),
Counterpart_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", "United States"),
primary = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT"), "Déficit primaire", "Déficit total"),
cyclically = ifelse(INDICATOR %in% c("GGCBP_G01_PGDP_PT", "GGCB_G01_PGDP_PT"), "Déficit public ajusté du cycle\n% du PIB potentiel", "Déficit public\n% du PIB"),
primary = factor(primary, levels = c("Déficit total", "Déficit primaire")),
cyclically = factor(cyclically, levels = c("Déficit public\n% du PIB", "Déficit public ajusté du cycle\n% du PIB potentiel"))) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2013-01-01")) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, linetype = primary)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit public (%)") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_linetype_manual(values = c("solid", "dashed")) +
add_flags +
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
facet_wrap(~ cyclically)
Euro area, United States, Germany
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = c(seq(1999, 2100, 5), seq(1997, 2100, 5)) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black") +
geom_hline(yintercept = -0.03, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2003-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2003-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = c(seq(2003, 2100, 2)) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black") +
geom_hline(yintercept = -0.03, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
1999-2023
Code
plot <- GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Zone euro", "États-Unis")) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01"),
date <= as.Date("2023-01-01")) |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
ggplot() + scale_color_identity() + add_flags + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Solde des Administrations Publiques, % du PIB") +
scale_x_date(breaks = c(seq(1999, 2100, 5), seq(1997, 2100, 5)) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black") +
geom_hline(yintercept = -0.03, linetype = "dashed", color = "black") +
geom_rect(data = nber_recessions |>
filter(Peak > as.Date("1999-01-01")),
aes(xmin = Peak, xmax = Trough, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf),
fill = '#B22234', alpha = 0.1) +
geom_rect(data = cepr_recessions |>
filter(Peak > as.Date("1999-01-01")),
aes(xmin = Peak, xmax = Trough, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf),
fill = '#003399', alpha = 0.1) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.2),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(caption = "Source: Fonds Monétaire International, Fiscal Monitor")
plot
Code
save(plot, file = "GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT_files/figure-html/U2-US-1999-2023-1.RData")France, United States
1995-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2002-2023
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2002-01-01"),
date <= as.Date("2023-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2002-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2002-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
Euro area, United States, Germany
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US", "DE")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
Euro area, United States, France
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US", "FR")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2010-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US", "FR")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
Euro area, United States, France, Germany
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US", "FR", "DE")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2010-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("U2", "US", "FR", "DE")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1)) +
geom_label(data = . %>% filter(date == max(date)), aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color, label = percent(OBS_VALUE)))
Italy, France, Germany, Spain, United States
1990-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE", "ES", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
1995-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE", "ES", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2005-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE", "ES", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2005-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2010-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE", "ES", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2017-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE", "ES", "US", "U2")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
1995-2021
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("IT", "FR", "DE", "ES", "US")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01"),
date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Déficit total, % du PIB") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
France, Germany, United States, Euro area
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "DE", "US", "U2")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Total Deficit, % of GDP") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2008-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "DE", "US", "U2")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2008-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Total Deficit, % of GDP") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
France, United Kingdom, United States, Euro area
All
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "GB", "US", "U2")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
#filter(date <= as.Date("2021-01-01")) %>%
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Total Deficit, % of GDP") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
2008-
Code
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT |>
filter(REF_AREA %in% c("FR", "GB", "US", "U2")) |>
left_join(REF_AREA, by = "REF_AREA") |>
year_to_date2() |>
mutate(Ref_area = ifelse(REF_AREA == "U2", "Europe", Ref_area)) |>
add_flag_color("Ref_area") |>
mutate(OBS_VALUE = OBS_VALUE/100) |>
rename(Counterpart_area = Ref_area) |>
filter(date >= as.Date("2008-01-01")) |>
ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = OBS_VALUE, color = color)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Total Deficit, % of GDP") +
scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "black")
Related Data
Data on public debt
| Title | source | dataset | Updated |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interest rates - monthly data - ei_mfir_m |  eurostat |
ei_mfir_m | 2026-09-03 |
| Quarterly government debt - gov_10q_ggdebt | eurostat |
gov_10q_ggdebt | 2026-09-03 |
| Interest Rates - r |  fred |
r | 2026-09-03 |
| Saving - saving | fred |
saving | 2026-09-03 |
| Debt - debt | gfd | debt | 2026-09-03 |
| Fiscal Monitor (FM) - FM | imf |
FM | 2020-03-13 |
| Net lending/borrowing (also referred as overall balance) (% of GDP) - GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT | imf |
GGXCNL_G01_GDP_PT | 2026-09-03 |
| Primary net lending/borrowing (also referred as primary balance) (% of GDP) - GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT | imf |
GGXONLB_G01_GDP_PT | 2026-09-03 |
| Net debt (% of GDP) - GGXWDN_G01_GDP_PT | imf |
GGXWDN_G01_GDP_PT | 2026-09-03 |
| Historical Public Debt Database - HPDD | imf |
HPDD | 2026-09-03 |
| Quarterly Sector Accounts - Public Sector Debt, consolidated, nominal value - QASA_TABLE7PSD |  oecd |
QASA_TABLE7PSD | 2026-09-03 |
| Central government debt, total (% of GDP) - GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS |  wdi |
GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS | 2026-09-03 |
| Interest payments (current LCU) - GC.XPN.INTP.CN | wdi |
GC.XPN.INTP.CN | 2026-09-03 |
| Interest payments (% of revenue) - GC.XPN.INTP.RV.ZS | wdi |
GC.XPN.INTP.RV.ZS | 2026-09-03 |
| Interest payments (% of expense) - GC.XPN.INTP.ZS | wdi |
GC.XPN.INTP.ZS | 2026-09-03 |