Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data - lc_lci_r2_q

Data - Eurostat

Last observation: Q2 2026 (N = 25920)

First observation: Q1 1996 (N = 421)

Last data update: 17 sept. 2026, 23:14

Last compile: 20 sept. 2026, 22:59

Structure

freq

s_adj

unit

nace_r2

lcstruct

geo

Last

Europe

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(geo == "EA20",
         unit != "I20") |>
  filter(time == max(time)) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(s_adj, " - ", unit)) |>
  select(-unit, -s_adj) |>
  spread(variable, values) %>%
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  print_table_conditional()

France

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(geo == "FR",
         unit != "I20") |>
  filter(time == max(time)) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(s_adj, " - ", unit)) |>
  select(-unit, -s_adj) |>
  spread(variable, values) %>%
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  print_table_conditional()

Germany

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(geo == "DE",
         unit != "I20") |>
  filter(time == max(time)) |>
  mutate(variable = paste0(s_adj, " - ", unit)) |>
  select(-unit, -s_adj) |>
  spread(variable, values) %>%
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  print_table_conditional()

Indices

France

All

Nominal

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("FR")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(80, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017T2-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("FR")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-04-01")) |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(80, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  geom_text(data = . %>%
              filter(date %in% max(date)),
            aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct, label = round(values, 1)))

Business

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("FR")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(50, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

1999-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("FR")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(50, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Public

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "O-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("FR")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(50, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017T2-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "O-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("FR")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-04-01")) |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(50, 200, 2)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  geom_text(data = . %>%
              filter(date %in% max(date)),
            aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct, label = round(values, 1)))

Germany

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("DE")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(60, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Italy

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("IT")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(60, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Spain

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("ES")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(60, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Euro Area

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("EA")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(Lcstruct) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(60, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Netherlands

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         geo %in% c("NL")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Lcstruct)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(60, 200, 5)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.80),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Europe and Eurozone

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("EA19", "EU27_2020")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  mutate(values = values/100) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Geo)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("EA19", "EU27_2020")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  mutate(values = values/100) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Geo)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2022Q1-Q2 - Tables

D11 - Wages and salaries (total)

%

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit %in% c("PCH_SM", "PCH_PRE"),
         lcstruct == "D11",
         time == max(time),
         s_adj == "CA") %>%
  
  
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  select(-unit) |>
  spread(Unit, values) |>
  print_table_conditional()

Indice

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit %in% c("PCH_SM", "PCH_PRE"),
         lcstruct == "D11",
         time == max(time),
         s_adj == "CA") %>%
  
  
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  select(-unit) |>
  spread(Unit, values) |>
  print_table_conditional()

D12_D4_MD5 - Labour costs other than wages and salaries

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         time %in% c("2022Q2","2022Q1"),
         s_adj == "CA") %>%
  
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  spread(time, values) |>
  arrange(`2022Q2`) |>
  print_table_conditional()

D1_D4_MD5 - Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies)

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         time %in% c("2022Q2","2022Q1"),
         s_adj == "CA") %>%
  
  select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) |>
  spread(time, values) |>
  arrange(`2022Q2`) |>
  print_table_conditional()

D11 - Wages and salaries

France, Germany

Indice

Tous

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  #filter(date >= as.Date("1998-01-01")) %>%
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = c(seq(1998, 2100, 2)) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

1999-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = c(seq(1999, 2100, 5), seq(1997, 2100, 5)) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

1998-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1998-01-01")) |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = c(seq(1998, 2100, 2)) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Europe

Indice

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2001-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2001-01-01")) |>
  
  mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017T2-

B-N

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-N",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA20")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-04-01")) |>
  
  mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA20", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

B-S

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "I20",
         s_adj == "SCA",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA20")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-04-01")) |>
  
  mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA20", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  group_by(geo) |>
  arrange(date) |>
  mutate(values = 100*values/values[1]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(90, 200, 5)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Change

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2020-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "6 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

3 years

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= Sys.Date() - years(3)) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "3 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2 years

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= Sys.Date() - years(2)) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "3 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Netherlands, Portugal, Hungary, Italy

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("NL", "PT", "HU", "IT")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  mutate(values = values/100) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D11",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("NL", "PT", "HU", "IT")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  mutate(values = values/100) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

D12_D4_MD5 - Labour costs other than wages and salaries

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Europe

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2020-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "6 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

3 years

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= Sys.Date() - years(3)) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "3 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2 years

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D12_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= Sys.Date() - years(2)) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "3 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

D1_D4_MD5 - Labour cost for LCI

France, Germany, Italy, Spain

All

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D1_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2017-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D1_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
  
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  mutate(values = values/100) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

2020-

lc_lci_r2_q |>
  filter(nace_r2 == "B-S",
         unit == "PCH_SM",
         lcstruct == "D1_D4_MD5",
         s_adj == "CA",
         geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "ES", "IT", "EA19")) |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  
  mutate(values = values/100,
         Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA19", "Europe", Geo)) |>
  add_flag_color("Geo") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = "6 months",
               labels = date_format("%Y %b")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(a = 1)) + 
  scale_color_identity() + add_flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.75, 0.90),
        legend.title = element_blank())

Related Data

Wage Data

source	dataset	Title	Updated
ecb	EWT	ECB wage tracker - EWT	2026-09-17
ecb	INW	Indicator of negotiated wage rates - INW	2026-09-17
ecb	STS	Short-Term Statistics - STS	2026-09-18
eurostat	lc_lci_r2_q	Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data - lc_lci_r2_q	2026-09-17
eurostat	nama_10_lp_ulc	Labour productivity and unit labour costs - nama_10_lp_ulc	2026-09-11
eurostat	namq_10_lp_ulc	Labour productivity and unit labour costs - namq_10_lp_ulc	2026-09-17
fred	wage	Wage - wage	2026-09-19
oecd	EAR_MEI	Hourly Earnings (MEI) - EAR_MEI	2026-08-02
oecd	RMW	Real Minimum Wages - RMW	2026-08-02