Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards)
Data - Eurostat
Info
Last observation: Semi-annual: 2025S2 (N = 1,626)
First observation: Semi-annual: 2007S1 (N = 306)
Last data update: 23 jul 2026, 23:02. Last compile: 24 jul 2026, 03:11
Structure
Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ
France, Germany, Italy, Spain
All
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 2), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2016-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2016-01-01")) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
France, Germany, Europe, Spain
Bar
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR",
unit == "KWH",
time %in% c("2021S2", "2022S1", "2022S2", "2023S1")) %>%
select_if(~n_distinct(.) > 1) %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
spread(tax, values) %>%
transmute(time, Geo,
` Taxes except VAT` = X_VAT-X_TAX,
` VAT` = I_TAX-X_VAT,
`Excluding taxes` = X_TAX) %>%
gather(Tax, values, - time, -Geo) %>%
ggplot(., aes(x = time, y = values, fill = Tax)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity",
position = "stack") +
facet_grid(~ Geo) + theme_minimal() +
theme(legend.position = "none",
legend.title = element_blank()) +
scale_fill_manual(values = viridis(3)[1:3]) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-30, 30, .05),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€/kWh"),
limits = c(0, 0.2)) +
xlab("Semester") + ylab("") +
ggtitle("Natural gas price, LOW Consumption")
All
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 2), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2016-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2016-01-01")) %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2020-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2020-01-01")) %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
Greece, Belgium, Austria, Portugal
All
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("EL", "BE", "AT", "PT"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 2), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2016-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("EL", "BE", "AT", "PT"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_LT20",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2016-01-01")) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Band D1 : Consumption < 20 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
Band D2 : 20 GJ < Consumption < 200 GJ
France, Germany, Italy, Spain
All
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ20-199",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 2), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("20 GJ < Consumption < 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.12, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2016-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ20-199",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2016-01-01")) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("20 GJ < Consumption < 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.12, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
Band D3 : Consumption > 200 GJ
France, Germany, Italy, Spain
All
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 2), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Consumption > 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.12, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2016-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2016-01-01")) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Consumption > 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.12, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2020-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "IT", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2020-01-01")) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Consumption > 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.12, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
France, Germany, Europe, Spain
Bar
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR",
unit == "KWH",
time %in% c("2021S2", "2022S1", "2022S2")) %>%
select_if(~n_distinct(.) > 1) %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
spread(tax, values) %>%
transmute(time, Geo,
` Taxes except VAT` = X_VAT-X_TAX,
` VAT` = I_TAX-X_VAT,
`Excluding taxes` = X_TAX) %>%
gather(Tax, values, - time, -Geo) %>%
ggplot(., aes(x = time, y = values, fill = Tax)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity",
position = "stack") +
facet_grid(~ Geo) + theme_minimal() +
theme(legend.position = "none",
legend.title = element_blank()) +
scale_fill_manual(values = viridis(3)[1:3]) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-30, 30, .05),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€/kWh")) +
xlab("") + ylab("") +
ggtitle("Natural gas price, HIGH Consumption")
All
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 2), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Consumption > 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2016-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2016-01-01")) %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Consumption > 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
2020-
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo %in% c("FR", "DE", "EA", "ES"),
tax %in% c("I_TAX", "X_TAX"),
unit == "KWH",
nrg_cons == "GJ_GE200",
currency == "EUR") %>%
semester_to_date %>%
filter(date >= as.Date("2020-01-01")) %>%
mutate(Geo = ifelse(geo == "EA", "Europe", Geo)) %>%
left_join(colors, by = c("Geo" = "country")) %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = color, linetype = Tax)) +
scale_color_identity() + theme_minimal() + add_8flags +
scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1960, 2100, 1), "-01-01")),
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
xlab("") + ylab("Consumption > 200 GJ") +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0.02, 0.2, 0.01),
labels = dollar_format(a = .01, pre = "", su = "€"))
Example
France
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo == "FR",
unit == "KWH",
currency == "EUR") %>%
select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) %>%
semester_to_date %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Nrg_cons, linetype = Tax)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 1, 0.01)) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.7),
legend.title = element_blank())
Germany
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo == "DE",
unit == "KWH",
currency == "EUR") %>%
select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) %>%
semester_to_date %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Nrg_cons, linetype = Tax)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 1, 0.01)) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.7),
legend.title = element_blank())
Italy
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo == "IT",
unit == "KWH",
currency == "EUR") %>%
select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) %>%
semester_to_date %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Nrg_cons, linetype = Tax)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 1, 0.01)) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.7),
legend.title = element_blank())
Spain
Code
nrg_pc_202 %>%
filter(geo == "ES",
unit == "KWH",
currency == "EUR") %>%
select_if(~ n_distinct(.) > 1) %>%
semester_to_date %>%
ggplot + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = values, color = Nrg_cons, linetype = Tax)) +
theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) %>% paste0("-01-01") %>% as.Date,
labels = date_format("%Y")) +
scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 1, 0.01)) +
theme(legend.position = c(0.45, 0.7),
legend.title = element_blank())