Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023 - EO114_INTERNET

Data - OECD

Author

François Geerolf

Code 
# cd ~/iCloud/website/data; Rscript --vanilla _update_qmd_folder.R oecd only=EO114_INTERNET.qmd
# sh ~/iCloud/website/website_short.sh
here::i_am("data/oecd/EO114_INTERNET.qmd")
here() starts at /Users/geerolf/Library/CloudStorage/Dropbox/website
Code 
source(here::here("code", "R-markdown", "init_oecd.R"))

Attachement du package : 'arrow'
L'objet suivant est masqué depuis 'package:utils':

    timestamp
The following packages have been unloaded:
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✔ ggplot2   4.0.3     ✔ tibble    3.3.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.5     ✔ tidyr     1.3.2
✔ purrr     1.2.2     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
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ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
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Please cite as: 


 Hlavac, Marek (2022). stargazer: Well-Formatted Regression and Summary Statistics Tables.

 R package version 5.2.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stargazer 


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Code 
library(arrow)
EO110_INTERNET <- read_parquet("EO110_INTERNET.parquet")
EO111_INTERNET <- read_parquet("EO111_INTERNET.parquet")
EO112_INTERNET <- read_parquet("EO112_INTERNET.parquet")
EO113_INTERNET <- read_parquet("EO113_INTERNET.parquet")
EO114_INTERNET <- read_parquet("EO114_INTERNET.parquet")
load_data("oecd/EO114_INTERNET_var2.RData")
nber_recessions <- read_parquet(here::here("data", "us", "nber_recessions.parquet"))

Info

Last observation: Q: 2025-Q4 (N = 4047) · A: 2025 (N = 9239)

First observation: A: 1960 (N = 1626) · Q: 1960-Q1 (N = 1150)

Last data update: 02 aoû 2026, 08:59. Last compile: 17 aoû 2026, 23:50

Structure

Vintages

Lithuania

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "LTU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Lithuania") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Slovakia

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "SVK",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Slovakia") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Finland

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "FIN",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Finland") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Germany - Vintages

SubList

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "EO No 113 - June 2023") |>
  bind_rows(EO110_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "EO No 110 - December 2021")) |>
  filter(LOCATION == "DEU",
         obsTime == "2023-Q1",
         VARIABLE %in% c("GDPV", "ITV", "CPV", "CGV", "MGSV", "XGSV"),
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$VARIABLE, by = "VARIABLE") |>
  select(VARIABLE, Variable, UNIT, vintage, obsValue) |>
  spread(vintage, obsValue) |>
  mutate(`Change (%)` = round(100*(`EO No 113 - June 2023`/`EO No 110 - December 2021`-1), 2)) |>
  print_table_conditional()
VARIABLE Variable UNIT EO No 110 - December 2021 EO No 113 - June 2023 Change (%)
CGV Government final consumption expenditure, volume EUR 7.079714e+11 6.923404e+11 -2.21
CPV Private final consumption expenditure, volume EUR 1.764611e+12 1.692254e+12 -4.10
GDPV Gross domestic product, volume, market prices EUR 3.360288e+12 3.263130e+12 -2.89
ITV Gross fixed capital formation, total, volume EUR 7.141888e+11 6.638904e+11 -7.04
MGSV Imports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) EUR 1.476323e+12 1.474305e+12 -0.14
XGSV Exports of goods and services, volume (national accounts basis) EUR 1.634885e+12 1.638713e+12 0.23

List

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "EO No 113 - June 2023") |>
  bind_rows(EO110_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "EO No 110 - December 2021")) |>
  filter(LOCATION == "DEU",
         obsTime == "2023-Q1",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$VARIABLE, by = "VARIABLE") |>
  select(VARIABLE, Variable, UNIT, vintage, obsValue) |>
  spread(vintage, obsValue) |>
  mutate(`Change (%)` = round(100*(`EO No 113 - June 2023`/`EO No 110 - December 2021`-1), 2)) |>
  print_table_conditional()

GDP in Volume

Since 2014Q1

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2007-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2007-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Since 2014Q1

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2014-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2014-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Since 2017Q1

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2017-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2017-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Since 2019Q4

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2019-10-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2019-10-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Since 2021

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

U.S. Since 2021

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         LOCATION == "USA",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Gross Domestic Product in Volume, United States") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Consumption in Volume

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "CPV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Consumption in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

Investment in Volume

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 110 - December 2021") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 111 - June 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 112 - November 2022")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 113 - June 2023")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "Economic Outlook No 114 - November 2023")) |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "ITV", 
         LOCATION == "DEU",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2021-01-01")) |>
  group_by(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[date == as.Date("2021-01-01")]) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = vintage)) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Investment in Volume, Germany") + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.7, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(20, 200, 1))

GDP in Volume

Growth revisions by country for 2023-Q1

Table

Code 
EO110_INTERNET |>
  mutate(vintage = "2021-12") |>
  bind_rows(EO111_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "2022-06")) |>
  bind_rows(EO112_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "2022-11")) |>
  bind_rows(EO113_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "2023-06")) |>
  bind_rows(EO114_INTERNET |>
              mutate(vintage = "2023-11")) |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") |>
  filter(VARIABLE == "GDPV", 
         obsTime == "2023-Q1",
         FREQUENCY == "Q") |>
  select(vintage, Location, obsValue) |>
  group_by(Location) |>
  arrange(vintage) |>
  mutate(obsValue = 100*obsValue/obsValue[1]) |>
  spread(vintage, obsValue) |>
  arrange(`2023-06`) |>
  print_table_conditional()

Output Gap (% of GDP)

Germany, Spain, Greece, Italy

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
  filter(FREQUENCY == "A",
         VARIABLE == "GAP",
         LOCATION %in% c("DEU", "ESP", "GRC", "ITA")) |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") |>
  year_to_date() |>
  select(Location, date, obsValue) |>
  arrange(Location, date) |>
  mutate(obsValue = obsValue/100) |>
  left_join(colors, by = c("Location" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = color)) +
  theme_minimal() + scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 5),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  ylab("Output Gap (% of GDP)") + xlab("")

United States, France, Germany, Switzerland

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
  filter(FREQUENCY == "A",
         VARIABLE == "GAP",
         LOCATION %in% c("CHE", "FRA", "DEU", "USA")) |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") |>
  year_to_date() |>
  select(Location, date, obsValue) |>
  arrange(Location, date) |>
  mutate(obsValue = obsValue/100) |>
  left_join(colors, by = c("Location" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = color)) +
  theme_minimal() + scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 5),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  ylab("Output Gap (% of GDP)") + xlab("")

Unemployment Rate

Germany, Spain, Greece, Italy

All

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
  filter(FREQUENCY == "Q",
         VARIABLE == "UNR",
         LOCATION %in% c("DEU", "ITA", "FRA", "USA")) |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  select(Location, date, obsValue) |>
  arrange(Location, date) |>
  mutate(obsValue = obsValue/100) |>
  left_join(colors, by = c("Location" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = color)) +
  theme_minimal() + scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  ylab("Unemployment Rate (%)") + xlab("")

1990-

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
  filter(FREQUENCY == "Q",
         VARIABLE == "UNR",
         LOCATION %in% c("DEU", "ITA", "FRA", "USA")) |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1990-01-01")) |>
  select(Location, date, obsValue) |>
  arrange(Location, date) |>
  mutate(obsValue = obsValue/100) |>
  left_join(colors, by = c("Location" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = color)) +
  theme_minimal() + scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  ylab("Unemployment Rate (%)") + xlab("")

2010-

Code 
EO114_INTERNET |>
  filter(FREQUENCY == "Q",
         VARIABLE == "UNR",
         LOCATION %in% c("DEU", "ITA", "FRA", "USA")) |>
  left_join(EO114_INTERNET_var$LOCATION, by = "LOCATION") |>
  quarter_to_date() |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
  select(Location, date, obsValue) |>
  arrange(Location, date) |>
  mutate(obsValue = obsValue/100) |>
  left_join(colors, by = c("Location" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = obsValue, color = color)) +
  theme_minimal() + scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) +
  ylab("Unemployment Rate (%)") + xlab("")