Gross Domestic Product

Data - Fred

Author

François Geerolf

Info

LAST_COMPILE

LAST_COMPILE
2026-08-13

Last

date Nobs
2036-10-01 1

variable

variable Variable Nobs
DSPI Disposable Personal Income 810
PCE Personal Consumption Expenditures 810
PCEDG Personal Consumption Expenditures: Durable Goods 810
TCU Capacity Utilization: Total Index 714
GDPPOT Real Potential Gross Domestic Product 352
PCESV Personal Consumption Expenditures: Services 322
PCND Personal Consumption Expenditures: Nondurable Goods 322
A939RX0Q048SBEA Real gross domestic product per capita 318
GDPC1 Real Gross Domestic Product 318
GDI Gross Domestic Income 317
DHSGRC0 Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of Product: Services: Household Consumption Expenditures: Housing 270
GDINOS Gross Domestic Income: Net Operating Surplus 269
USSTHPI All-Transactions House Price Index for the United States 205
MDSP Mortgage Debt Service Payments as a Percent of Disposable Personal Income 185
FYFSD Federal Surplus or Deficit [-] 125
DCAFRC1A027NBEA Personal consumption expenditures: Clothing, footwear, and related services 97
DOWNRC1A027NBEA Personal consumption expenditures: Services: Housing: Imputed rental of owner-occupied nonfarm housing 97
GDPA Gross Domestic Product 97
GDPCA Real Gross Domestic Product 97
HDTGPDUSQ163N Household Debt to GDP for United States 82
USPCEHLTHCARE Personal Consumption Expenditures: Services: Health Care for United States 28

Real GDP

Annual

Linear

Code 
plot_linear <- gdp |>
  filter(variable == "GDPCA") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 100000, 2000),
                     labels = dollar_format()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1900, 2100, 20) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Real GDP")

plot_linear

Log

Code 
plot_log <- plot_linear +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 100000, 2000),
                     labels = dollar_format(acc = 1))

plot_log

Linear, Log

Code 
ggarrange(plot_linear + ggtitle("Linear Scale"), plot_log + ylab("") + ggtitle("Log Scale"))

Quarterly

Linear

Code 
plot_linear <- gdp |>
  filter(variable == "GDPC1") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 100000, 2000),
                     labels = dollar_format()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1950, 2100, 10) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Real GDP")

plot_linear

Log

Code 
plot_log <- plot_linear +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 100000, 2000),
                     labels = dollar_format(acc = 1))

plot_log

Linear, Log

Code 
ggarrange(plot_linear, plot_log + ylab(""))

Real GDP per capita

Linear

Code 
plot_linear <- gdp |>
  filter(variable == "A939RX0Q048SBEA") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 100000, 10000),
                     labels = dollar_format()) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1950, 2100, 10) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("Real GDP per capita")

plot_linear

Log

Code 
plot_log <- plot_linear +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(0, 100000, 10000),
                     labels = dollar_format(acc = 1))

plot_log

Linear, Log

Code 
ggarrange(plot_linear, plot_log + ylab(""))

Output Gap (%)

1945-2020

Code 
gdp |>
  spread(variable, value) |>
  mutate(output_gap = (GDPC1 - GDPPOT)/GDPPOT) |>
  select(date, output_gap) |>
  na.omit() |>
  ggplot() + xlab("") + ylab("Output Gap (% of Potential Output)") +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = output_gap)) +
  geom_rect(data = nber_recessions |>
              filter(Peak > as.Date("1948-01-01")), 
            aes(xmin = Peak, xmax = Trough, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
            fill = 'grey', alpha = 0.5) +
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.position = c(0.4, 0.8)) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1920, 2020, 5), "-01-01")),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1))

1965-2020

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1965-01-01")) |>
  spread(variable, value) |>
  mutate(output_gap = (GDPC1 - GDPPOT)/GDPPOT) |>
  select(date, output_gap) |>
  na.omit() |>
  ggplot() + xlab("") + ylab("Output Gap (% of Potential Output)") +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = output_gap)) +
  geom_rect(data = nber_recessions |>
              filter(Peak > as.Date("1965-01-01")), 
            aes(xmin = Peak, xmax = Trough, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
            fill = 'grey', alpha = 0.5) +
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.position = c(0.4, 0.8)) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(paste0(seq(1920, 2025, 5), "-01-01")),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-20, 20, 1),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1))

Deficits

All

(ref:surplus-gdp-1929-2019) Budget Surplus, 1929-2019 (% of GDP).

Code 
US_presidents_extract <- US_presidents |>
  filter(start >= as.Date("1929-01-01"))
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("FYFSD", "GDPA")) |>
  mutate(date = date |> year(),
         date = as.Date(paste0(date, "-12-31"))) |>
  spread(variable, value) |>
  mutate(value = FYFSD / (GDPA*1000)) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1929-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.position = c(0.3, 0.8)) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(US_presidents_extract$start),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  geom_vline(aes(xintercept = as.numeric(start)), 
             data = US_presidents_extract,
             colour = "grey50", alpha = 0.5) +
  geom_rect(aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, fill = party),
         ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, data = US_presidents_extract) +
  geom_text(aes(x = start, y = new, label = name), 
            data = US_presidents_extract |> mutate(new = -0.27 + 0.01 * (1:n() %% 2)),
            size = 2.5, vjust = 0, hjust = 0, nudge_x = 50) +
  # scale_fill_manual(values = viridis(3)[2:1]) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("white", "grey")) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Budget Surplus (% of GDP)") +
  guides(color = guide_legend("party"), fill = FALSE) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-30, 6, 2),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1),
                     limits = c(-0.27, 0.05)) + 
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed",  color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:surplus-gdp-1929-2019)

1945-2021

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("FYFSD", "GDPA")) |>
  mutate(date = date |> year(),
         date = as.Date(paste0(date, "-12-31"))) |>
  spread(variable, value) |>
  mutate(value = FYFSD / (GDPA*1000)) |>
  ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.position = c(0.3, 0.8)) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = as.Date(US_presidents$start),
               labels = date_format("%Y"),
               limits = c(as.Date("1929-01-01"), as.Date("2023-04-01"))) +
  geom_vline(aes(xintercept = as.numeric(start)), 
             data = US_presidents,
             colour = "grey50", alpha = 0.5) +
  geom_rect(aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, fill = party),
         ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, data = US_presidents) +
  geom_text(aes(x = start, y = new, label = name), 
            data = US_presidents |> mutate(new = -0.27 + 0.01 * (1:n() %% 2)),
            size = 2.5, vjust = 0, hjust = 0, nudge_x = 50) +
  # scale_fill_manual(values = viridis(3)[2:1]) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("white", "grey")) +
  xlab("") + ylab("Budget Surplus (% of GDP)") +
  guides(color = guide_legend("party"), fill = FALSE) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-30, 6, 2),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1),
                     limits = c(-0.27, 0.05)) + 
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed",  color = viridis(3)[2])

Financial Crisis Macroeconomic Aggregates

Household Debt to GDP (% of GDP)

(ref:HDTGPDUSQ163N) Mortgage Debt Service Payments, in Billions (2000-2012)

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable == "HDTGPDUSQ163N") |>
  spread(variable, value) |>
  na.omit() |>
  mutate(value = HDTGPDUSQ163N / 100) |> 
  select(date, value) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2000-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2012-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01* seq(10, 120, 1),
                     labels = percent_format(accuracy = 1)) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Household Debt (% of GDP)") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2]) + 
    geom_rect(data = data_frame(start = as.Date("2004-06-01"), 
                                end = as.Date("2007-08-01")), 
              aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
              fill = viridis(4)[4], alpha = 0.2) +
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2004-06-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4]) + 
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2007-08-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4])

(ref:HDTGPDUSQ163N)

Mortgage Debt Service Payments (in Billion Dollars)

(ref:MDSP-DSPI) Mortgage Debt Service Payments, in Billions (2000-2012)

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("DSPI", "MDSP")) |>
  spread(variable, value) |>
  na.omit() |>
  mutate(value = MDSP * DSPI / 100) |> 
  select(date, value) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2000-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2012-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(100, 16000, 50),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Mortgage Debt Service Payments") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2]) + 
    geom_rect(data = data_frame(start = as.Date("2004-06-01"), 
                                end = as.Date("2007-08-01")), 
              aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
              fill = viridis(4)[4], alpha = 0.2) +
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2004-06-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4]) + 
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2007-08-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4])

(ref:MDSP-DSPI)

Mortgage Debt Service Payments (% Disposable Personal Income)

(ref:MDSP) Mortgage Debt Service Payments (2000-2019)

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("MDSP")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2000-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2012-01-01")) |>
  mutate(value = value / 100) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(0, 15, 0.2),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 0.1)) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("% of Disposable Income") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2]) + 
    geom_rect(data = data_frame(start = as.Date("2004-06-01"), 
                                end = as.Date("2007-08-01")), 
              aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
              fill = viridis(4)[4], alpha = 0.2) +
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2004-06-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4]) + 
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2007-08-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4])

(ref:MDSP)

House Prices

(ref:USSTHPI) House Prices (Index)

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("USSTHPI")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2000-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10)) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("House Price Index") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2]) + 
    geom_rect(data = data_frame(start = as.Date("2004-06-01"), 
                                end = as.Date("2007-08-01")), 
              aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
              fill = viridis(4)[4], alpha = 0.2) +
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2004-06-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4]) + 
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2007-08-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4])

(ref:USSTHPI)

Disposable Income

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("DSPI")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2004-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2010-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(6000, 16000, 500),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Disposable Income") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2]) + 
    geom_rect(data = data_frame(start = as.Date("2004-06-01"), 
                                end = as.Date("2007-08-01")), 
              aes(xmin = start, xmax = end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = +Inf), 
              fill = viridis(4)[4], alpha = 0.2) +
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2004-06-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4]) + 
    geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2007-08-01"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(4)[4])

Consumption

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("PCE")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(8000, 20000, 500),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Consumption") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

Durable, Non-Durable, Services

(ref:PCND-06-20) Non-durable Expenditures

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("PCND")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 20000, 100),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Non-durable Expenditures") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:PCND)

Durable Expenditures

(ref:PCEDG-06-20) Durable Expenditures

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("PCEDG")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2001-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2015-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 20000, 50),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Durable Expenditures") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:PCEDG-06-20)

Service Expenditures

(ref:PCESV-06-20) Service Expenditures

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("PCESV")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 1000*seq(0, 20, 0.5),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Service Expenditures") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:PCESV-06-20)

Imputed rental

(ref:DOWNRC1A027NBEA) Imputed rental

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("DOWNRC1A027NBEA")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 20000, 100),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Imputed rental") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:DOWNRC1A027NBEA)

Health Care

(ref:USPCEHLTHCARE) Health Care

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("USPCEHLTHCARE")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  mutate(value = value / 10^3) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 20000, 100),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Imputed rental") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:USPCEHLTHCARE)

Housing

(ref:DHSGRC0-06-20) Housing

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("DHSGRC0")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  mutate(value = value / 10^3) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 20000, 100),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Housing") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:DHSGRC0)

Clothing

(ref:DCAFRC1A027NBEA-06-20) Clothing

Code 
gdp |>
  filter(variable %in% c("DCAFRC1A027NBEA")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2006-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  mutate(value = value) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + theme_minimal() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1870, 2100, 1) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) + 
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 600, 10),
                     labels = dollar_format(suffix = "Bn", prefix = "$")) + 
  xlab("") + ylab("Clothing, footware, and related services") + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2008-09-15"), linetype = "dashed", color = viridis(3)[2])

(ref:DCAFRC1A027NBEA)