Bilateral Exchange Rates - bilateral_ER

Données - CEPII

Last observation: 2014 (N = 5256)

First observation: 1827 (N = 812)

Last data update: 14 sept. 2026, 23:58

Last compile: 16 sept. 2026, 20:59

Nobs - Javascript

bilateral_ER |>
  group_by(iso3c, iso3c_reference) |>
  summarise(Nobs = n(),
            date1 = first(date),
            date2 = last(date)) |>
  arrange(-Nobs) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F) else .}

Fixed Exchange Rates

ER_regime |>
  group_by(fixed) |>
  summarise(Nobs = n()) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) print_table(.) else .}

fixed	Nobs
FALSE	1215998
TRUE	155924

ER_regime |>
  filter(fixed) |>
  group_by(iso3c, iso3c_reference) |>
  summarise(Nobs = n(),
            date1 = first(date),
            date2 = last(date)) |>
  arrange(-Nobs) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F) else .}

NLD/DEU

1 dollar = 7 Francs

bilateral_ER |>
  filter(iso3c_reference == "DEU", 
         iso3c %in% c("NLD"),
         date >= as.Date("1980-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = iso3c)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("") +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1960, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  scale_color_manual(values = viridis(5)[1:4]) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.80),
        legend.title = element_blank())

USA/FRA

1 dollar = 7 Francs

bilateral_ER |>
  filter(iso3c_reference == "FRA", 
         iso3c == "USA") |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("")

GBR/FRA

bilateral_ER |>
  filter(iso3c_reference == "FRA", 
         iso3c == "GBR", 
         date >= as.Date("1920-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("1935-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("")

DEU/FRA

Depreciation of the Pound: out of the Gold Standard.

bilateral_ER |>
  filter(iso3c_reference == "DEU", 
         iso3c == "GBR", 
         date >= as.Date("1930-01-01"), 
         date <= as.Date("1935-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value)) + 
  theme_minimal() + xlab("") + ylab("")