Annual Macro-Economic database of the European COmmission (AMECO)

Data - AMECO

Author

François Geerolf

Main Datasets

Info

  • AMECO DATA FILE CODING pdf

In the AMECO data files, a series code such as EU27.1.0.0.0.NPTD consists of a country code at the beginning, the AMECO variable code at the end, and four numeric values representing, in order:

  • TRN: Transformations over time
  • AGG: Aggregation modes
  • UNIT: Unit codes
  • REF: Codes for relative performance

Labels for country and variable codes are included directly in the data file. The four numerical codes are explained in the following sections.

Other

  • Previous vintages of AMECO: Spring 2022, Autumn 2021, etc. html

  • Macroeconomic Database. html

  • User manual. pdf

Javascript

Flat

id Title Updated Nobs
AVGDGP Gap between actual and potential gross domestic product at 2015 reference levels - AVGDGP [2026-08-02] https:
AVGDGT Gap between actual and trend gross domestic product at 2015 reference levels - AVGDGT [2026-08-02] https:
OVGDP Potential gross domestic product at 2015 reference levels - OVGDP [2026-08-02] https:
PLCD Nominal unit labour costs - total economy (Ratio of compensation per employee to real GDP per person employed.) - PLCD [2026-08-02] https:
PLCDQ Nominal unit labour costs, total economy :- Performance relative to the rest of 37 industrial countries - PLCDQ [2026-08-02] https:
PLCM Nominal unit labour costs - manufacturing industry - PLCM [2026-08-02] https:
PMGN Price deflator imports of goods - PMGN [2026-08-02] https:
QLCD Real unit labour costs - total economy (Ratio of compensation per employee to nominal GDP per person employed.) - QLCD [2026-08-02] https:
UBLGBPS Structural balance of general government excluding interest :- Adjustment based on potential GDP Excessive deficit procedure - UBLGBPS [2026-08-02] https:
ZNAWRU Non-accelerating wage rate of unemployment - ZNAWRU [2026-08-02] https:
ZUTN Unemployment rate - total - Member States - definition EUROSTAT - ZUTN [2026-08-02] https:

COU, COUNTRY

Code 
ameco |>
  group_by(COU, COUNTRY) |>
  summarise(Nobs = n()) |>
  mutate(Flag = gsub(" ", "-", str_to_lower(COUNTRY)),
         Flag = paste0('<img src="../../icon/flag/vsmall/', Flag, '.png" alt="Flag">')) |>
  select(Flag, everything()) %>%
  {if (is_html_output()) datatable(., filter = 'top', rownames = F, escape = F) else .}

Output gap

France, Italy, Spain

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "AVGDGP",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "ESP", "ITA")) |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  mutate(value = value / 100) |>
  ggplot() + theme_minimal() + ylab("Output Gap (% of GDP)") + xlab("") + 
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_3flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = 0.01*seq(-60, 60, 1),
                     labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1))

PLCDQ - Nominal unit labour costs: total economy :- Performance relative to the rest of 37 industrial countries

France, Germany

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCDQ",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "30",
         CODE_5 == "437") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (total economy)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1995-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCDQ",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "30",
         CODE_5 == "437") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value / value[date == as.Date("1995-01-01")]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (total economy)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2011-01-01"),
             linetype= "dashed") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

France, Germany, Spain, Italy

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCDQ",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "30",
         CODE_5 == "437") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (total economy)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1999-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCDQ",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "30",
         CODE_5 == "437") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("2000-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (total economy)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = COUNTRY)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("#002395", "#000000", "#009246", "#C60B1E")) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

HWCMW - Nominal compensation per employee: manufacturing industry

France, Germany

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "HWCMW",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal compensation per employee: manufacturing") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.1),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1995-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "HWCMW",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99",
         date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal compensation per employee: manufacturing") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.1),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

France, Germany, Spain, Italy

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "HWCMW",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal compensation per employee: manufacturing industry") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1999-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "HWCMW",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99",
         date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal compensation per employee: manufacturing industry") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

QLCM - Real unit labour costs: manufacturing industry

France, Germany

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "QLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU")) |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Real unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.1),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

France, Germany, Spain, Italy

###All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "QLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA")) |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Real unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1999-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "QLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA")) |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Real unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1999, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

PLCM - Nominal unit labour costs: manufacturing industry

France, Germany

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 10))

1990-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1990-01-01")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 10))

France, Germany, Spain, Italy

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1999-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Coûts unitaires du travail, nominal (secteur manuf.)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1999, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  add_4flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1995-

Viridis Colors

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCM",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (manufacturing)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2011-01-01"),
             linetype= "dashed") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

PLCD - Nominal unit labour costs: total economy (Ratio of compensation per employee to real GDP per person employed.)

France, Germany

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 10))

1995-

Viridis Colors

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[date == as.Date("1995-01-01")]) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 10))

1999-

Viridis Colors

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[date == as.Date("1999-01-01")]) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_2flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.9),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 10))

Flags

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[date == as.Date("1995-01-01")]) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Coûts Unitaires du Travail (Source: AMECO)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_3flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  scale_y_log10(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 10))

France, Germany, Spain, Italy

All

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (total economy)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 5) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1999-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1999-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Coûts unitaires du travail, nominal (total)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1901, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  add_4flags +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))

1995-

Code 
ameco |>
  filter(VAR == "PLCD",
         COU %in% c("FRA", "DEU", "ESP", "ITA"),
         CODE_4 == "99") |>
  select(COUNTRY, date, value, CODE) |>
  arrange(COUNTRY, date) |>
  filter(date >= as.Date("1995-01-01"),
         date <= as.Date("2020-01-01")) |>
  group_by(COUNTRY) |>
  mutate(value = 100*value/value[1]) |>
  left_join(colors, c("COUNTRY" = "country")) |>
  ggplot() + ylab("Nominal unit labour costs (total economy)") + xlab("") + theme_minimal() +
  geom_line(aes(x = date, y = value, color = color)) +
  scale_color_identity() + add_4flags +
  scale_x_date(breaks = seq(1920, 2100, 2) |> paste0("-01-01") |> as.Date(),
               labels = date_format("%Y")) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2011-01-01"),
             linetype= "dashed") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.2, 0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-60, 300, 5))